A newly published UC Davis research paper pinpoints what could be “the missing link” in why some COVID-19 patients recover and some don't.

A blood plasma biomarker discovered in hospitalized COVID-19 patients may not only predict the severity of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but further research may lead to inhibiting the progression, a team of eight University of California researchers announced.

The UC researchers, primarily from the laboratory of UC Davis distinguished professor Bruce Hammock, found that four compounds in the blood of COVID-19 patients are highly associated with the disease. Their paper, “Plasma Linoleate Diols Are Potential Biomarkers for Severe COVID-19 Infections,” is published as open access in the current edition of Frontiers in Physiology.

ARDS, characterized by fluid build-up in the lungs, is the second leading cause of death in COVID-19 patients, next to viral pneumonia, according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

“Different outcomes from COVID-19 infections are both terrifying from a human health perspective and fascinating from a research perspective,” said UC Davis lead author and doctoral candidate Cindy McReynolds of the Hammock lab. “Our data provide an important clue to help determine what impacts the severity of COVID-19 outcomes. Initially, we focused on the immune response and cytokine profile as important drivers in severity, but considering what we now know from our study and others in the field, lipid mediators may be the missing link to answering questions such as why some people are asymptomatic while others die, or why some disease resolves quickly while others suffer from long-haul COVID.”

The compounds, known as leukotoxins and leukotoxin diols, originate from linoleic acid, the body's most abundant dietary fat, said Hammock, who holds a joint appointment in the Department of Entomology and Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center and directs the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Superfund Research Program at UC Davis. “The leukotoxins (also called EpOMEs) are converted to the leukotoxin diols (also called DiHOMES) by the soluble epoxide hydrolase we work on.”

“The hypothesis advanced in this paper is that because the leukotoxins have been associated with serious illness and death in humans and dogs and the symptoms are those of adult respiratory distress syndrome, these compounds are biomarkers of pulmonary involvement in COVID-19,” Hammock said. “We also think that it is the conversion of leukotoxin to the toxic leukotoxin diol that causes pulmonary and perivascular edema and this could be leading to the respiratory complications.”

“So the leukotoxins and leukotoxin diols,” Hammock said, “are indicators of respiratory problems in COVID-19 patients as plasma biomarkers. They also present a pathway for reducing ARDS in COVID-19 if we could inhibit the soluble epoxide hydrolase, a key regulatory enzyme involved in the metabolism of immune resolving fatty acids.”

Professor John Imig, director and eminent scholar of the Medical College of Wisconsin's Drug Discovery Center, who was not involved in the study, said: “The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that coronaviruses can have deadly consequences. Lung distress is a major reason for death in COVID-19 patients infected with the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The findings of McReynolds et al. identified lipids called leukotoxin diols in the blood of COVID-19 patients that could act as a biomarker for lung distress. In addition, leukotoxin diols could be responsible for lung distress in COVID-19 patients. Excitingly, this suggest that therapies to lower leukotoxin diols could treat lung distress and prevent death in COVID-19 patients.”

“The findings presented in this paper bring important attention to a role for oxylipin metabolites in COVID-19 infections,” said Professor A. Daniel Jones of Michigan State University's Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and director of the university's Research Technology Facility's Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core. “Most notably, metabolites known as DiHOMEs which have been previously implicated in lung inflammation show promise for their potential to predict outcomes in COVID patients and guide therapeutic, and perhaps dietary interventions beneficial to human populations.” Jones, who was not involved in the study, serves as secretary of the Metabolomics Association of North America.

The UC Davis scientists used clinical data collected from six patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and admitted to the UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, and 44 healthy samples carefully chosen from the healthy control arm of a recently completed clinical study.

In the introduction, the researchers wrote: “The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), initiates an aberrant immunological response resulting in a wide range of disease severities ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe cases with rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Patients with severe COVID-19 show evidence of hyperinflammation with increased release of inflammatory cytokines. The role of a cytokine release syndrome, or cytokine storm, in COVID-19 has drawn much attention. However, recent reports demonstrate that, although pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are elevated in severe COVID-19 patients, they are lower than levels usually observed in non-COVID ARDS, suggesting additional factors leads to severe outcomes in some patients. One of the key pathways regulating the immune response to infections is the release of regulatory lipid mediators that have dual functions of driving inflammation [e.g., prostaglandins (PGE2)] or promoting resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis [e.g., long chain epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs)]. Recent data indicate a role of dysregulated lipid profiles in COVID-19 and identified cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as potential biomarkers of disease severity.

The Hammock lab's 50-year research on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and its inhibitors led the professor to found and direct EicOsis Human Health, a Davis-based company that is developing a potent soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor for pain relief.  Epoxy fatty acids control blood pressure, fibrosis, immunity, tissue growth, depression, pain, inflammation and other processes.

But more recently, the Hammock lab has turned its attention to using sEH as a means to resolve inflammation associated with COVID-19 and the fibrosis that can follow.

Lipid metabolism researcher Ameer Taha of the UC Davis Department of Food Science and Technology pointed out that linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid present in only small amounts in our evolutionary diets. “In addition to nutritional and structural roles of linoleate, minor linoleate metabolites including the leukotoxin diols (also known as DiHOMEs) regulate a number functions including body temperature, cardiac health and vascular permeability.  This study cautions that now with dietary linoleate levels at an all-time high, in periods of high stress as with COVID-19, these regulatory functions may become detrimental.” 

The paper is the work of Hammock, McReynolds and Jun Yang of the Department of Entomology and Nematology and EicOsis Human Health; Irene Cortes-Puch of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, EicOsis Human Health, and the Department of Internal Medicine's Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine; Resmi Ravindran and Imran Khan of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Bruce G. Hammock of UC Davis Department of Veterinary Medicine, Aquatic Health; and Pei-an Betty Shih of the UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry. 

“This study resulted from an exciting collaboration with Imran Khan and Angela Haczku of the UC Davis School of Medicine to identify potential biomarkers for differentiating the severity of COVID-19 diseases,” said Yang, the corresponding author.

The research drew financial support from several National Institutes of Health agencies: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Superfund Research Program and R35 grant,  National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS),and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).

 


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DWR Adjusts State Water Project Allocation Following Dry Winter

California Department of Water Resources  |  2021-03-25

An operator maneuvers this remotely controlled, low profile Bathymetric Boat from the van. This image was taken during a routine inspection of an area of The California Aqueduct, which is a section of the California State Water Project found in Northern California’s Fresno County. Andrew Innerarity/ California Department of Water Resources

SACRAMENTO, CA (MPG) - As California experiences a second consecutive dry year, the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) announced an adjustment to its initial State Water Project (SWP) allocation for the 2021 water year. The department now expects to deliver 5 percent of requested supplies this year, down from the initial allocation of 10 percent announced in December.

Initial allocations are based on conservative assumptions regarding hydrology and factors such as reservoir storage. Allocations are reviewed monthly and may change based on snowpack and runoff information. They are typically finalized by May.

“We are now facing the reality that it will be a second dry year for California and that is having a significant impact on our water supply,” said DWR Director Karla Nemeth. “The Department of Water Resources is working with our federal and state partners to plan for the impacts of limited water supplies this summer for agriculture as well as urban and rural water users. We encourage everyone to look for ways to use water efficiently in their everyday lives.”

Ongoing drought conditions require the coordination of federal, state and local agencies. Today, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which operates the Central Valley Project, is also expected to adjust its initial CVP water supply allocation accordingly. The State Water Resources Control Board mailed early warning notices to approximately 40,000 water right holders urging them to plan for potential shortages by reducing water use and adopting practical conservation measures.

As a result of the persistent drought conditions, and in accordance with its permit for the long-term operation of the State Water Project, DWR has submitted a revised Drought Contingency Plan to the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The plan provides updated hydrologic conditions and outlines areas of concern for the joint operations of the State Water Project and the Central Valley Project, water quality, and environmental impacts.

DWR does not anticipate the need to pursue a Temporary Urgency Change Petition (TUCP) to allow for temporary changes to the water quality and outflow requirements for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. 

The severity of the situation is particularly evident in the North State. Lake Oroville is currently at 53 percent of average. The Feather River watershed, which feeds into Lake Oroville, has seen significantly less precipitation this year than normal, on track for its second driest year on record. Following a below average 2020 water year, California’s major reservoirs are at 50 percent of capacity.

California is better prepared for drought than in the past. Following the 2012-2016 drought, DWR enacted many programs focused on managing the state’s water through a strategic, integrated approach with a strong emphasis on water use efficiency and conservation. The state provides assistance and tools to local water agencies to help them reduce their drought vulnerability. DWR’s Water Use and Efficiency Branch (WUE) provides agencies and individuals assistance for improving water use efficiency and developing and meeting efficient water use requirements.

The 5 percent allocation amounts to 210,266 acre-feet of water, distributed among the 29 long-term SWP contractors who serve more than 27 million Californians and 750,000 acres of farmland.

Allocations represent the amount of SWP water that DWR will deliver for the year and are reviewed monthly based on several factors, such as water in storage, environmental requirements, and rain and snow runoff projections. For 2020, the initial SWP allocation was 10 percent and the final allocation was 20 percent in May.

For information on current water conditions at the state’s largest reservoirs and weather stations, visit the California Data Exchange Center website at cdec.water.ca.gov/snow_rain.html

 


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Rotary Club Sponsors Cottage Park Cleanup

Story and photo by Susan Maxwell Skinner  |  2021-03-24

Arden-Arcade Rotarians joined other volunteers -- including District 3 Supervisor Rich Desmond (center) -- for a clean-up in Cottage Park.

ARDEN ARCADE, CA (MPG) - Thirty-five volunteers recently put in 140 hours of raking, pruning, painting and tree-clearance to spruce up Cottage Park, Arden Arcade. The Fulton-El Camino Park District reserve was deemed in need of spring cleaning, following winter storms and increased use due to COVID restrictions on recreational activities.

Fulton-El Camino Swim Club boosters joined Arden-Arcade Rotarians and park district staff. Supervisor Rich Desmond proved handy with a rake. Removal of diseased trees was enabled by labor and machinery donated by Mowbray’s Tree service. Chicken Ranch Slough banks were cleared of weeds and dozens of trees had dead branches trimmed. Rotarians sponsored the project and provided a barbecue lunch for workers.


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Fundraiser to Benefit Joshua’s House Hospice

By Marlene von Friederichs-Fitzwater, Joshua’s House  |  2021-03-24

Danny Schneider’s latest project, an album titled “On the Other Side of the Window,” has led Danny to delve into a new venture….fundraising for Sacramento nonprofit Joshua’s House Hospice. Photo provided by Joshua

Online Donations Accepted for 100 copies Only

SACRAMENTO, CA (MPG) - Danny Schneider is a longtime musician and songwriter. He’s played big name clubs on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles such as the Roxy and the Troubadour; he’s self-produced 5 CD’s and a vinyl EP; and he’s performed with his band, The Neon Flamingos, at numerous venues. His latest project, an album titled “On the Other Side of the Window,” has led Danny to delve into a new venture…fundraising for Sacramento nonprofit Joshua’s House Hospice.

Joshua’s House Hospice for the terminally ill homeless hopes to open its doors in Spring of 2021. Due to an increase in construction costs and the impact of COVID-19, the project is in need of more funding. With a building purchased at 1501 C Street in downtown Sacramento, the organization will provide shelter, care, and a variety of services to terminally ill homeless individuals – something that is desperately needed in Sacramento now as the numbers of homeless men and women increase. There is no other facility like this on the west coast and Joshua’s House is committed to providing a place of compassion and a sense of dignity to those who would otherwise be on the streets or riverbanks of Sacramento during their dying days. The project has support from Mayor Darrel Steinberg, Congresswoman Doris Matsui, Sacramento City Council member Jeff Harris, and many other local dignitaries. And sponsors such as Kaiser Permanente, Sutter Health, UC Davis Health and Dignity Health.

After working on an album for the past year, recording 9 new songs with original lyrics and music, it became clear to Danny Schneider that there was a real purpose behind his album project. While in the process of recording the album, Danny happened to see a TV segment about Joshua’s House Hospice that gave him great inspiration. It was that exposure to the story behind Joshua’s House Hospice, named for the grandson (who had experienced homelessness) of founder Marlene von Friederichs-Fitzwater, that prompted him to come up with the idea to use his music to fundraise and support Joshua’s House. “I decided that I could press a special limited autographed vinyl edition of 100 copies of the album. Each copy will be sold for a gift donation of $100.00. Our fundraising target would then be $10,000 payable directly to Joshua’s House Hospice.” Needless to say, Joshua’s House is thrilled to partner with Danny in this unique event. His website, http://dannyschneider.com/, is dedicated to the project. There, donors can read more about his story, the Joshua’s House story, and order their copy of the LP by donating.

 More information and ordering at: http://dannyschneider.com/ $100 donation to Joshua’s House Hospice per order. All proceeds go directly to Joshua’s House Hospice. Recent story on Danny Schneider in Family Beautiful online magazine at: https://familybeautiful.com/danny-schneider-dignity-and-the-arts


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Got Rodents? The Sacramento County Bradshaw Animal Shelter Can Help!

By Allison Harris, Sacramento County  |  2021-03-24

Barn Cats a “Green” Solution to Pest Problems. Photo: Sac County

SACRAMENTO, CA (MPG) - As warmer weather approaches, both rural and urban residential homes may see an increase in critters and rodents searching for water and food. Rather than utilizing poison or traps that can harm children or other animals (including wildlife that may ingest poisoned rodents), cats are a natural and environmentally friendly way to control rodent populations. 

Bradshaw Animal Shelter’s Barn and Garden Cat Program creates positive outcomes for feral and un-socialized cats that are not suitable for regular adoption. These cats are placed “working cats” in home yards, warehouses, garages, barns, stables, wineries and other outdoor environments to control rodent populations.

Adoption fees are waived, and adoptions include spay or neuter surgery, core vaccines including rabies, microchip, flea control, and an ear-tip. Adopters only need to provide daily food, water, protection from the elements and long-term care.

“Not only does the program provide non-toxic pest control, it also saves the lives of cats who would otherwise be considered unadoptable,” said Dave Dickinson, Director of Bradshaw Animal Shelter.

Since these cats are usually strictly outdoors, for the best success, Bradshaw Animal Shelter generally requires they be adopted in pairs for both safety and companionship.

For more information about the working cat program, please read the Barn and Garden Cat Acclimation Instructions and FAQs at the Barn and Garden Cat website. To apply, complete the online Barn & Garden Cat Application. A program representative will be in touch to discuss your situation in order to make an appropriate adoption match.


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FAIR OAKS, CA (MPG) - At 10:18 a.m. on Monday, March 22, 2021, the Sacramento County Sheriff’s Office Communications Center received a call from a U.S. Postal Service Supervisor.  The caller stated one of his letter carriers was delivering mail to a residence on the 5100 block of Rabeneck Way and saw two adults on the ground in the driveway of the home with blood around them.

Deputies arrived at the location and found an adult male and an adult female laying unresponsive on the ground in front of the garage.  A single firearm was found near the two victims who were clearly deceased.

Homicide Detectives collected evidence and interviewed witnesses for several hours.  No arrests were made nor expected and there are no outstanding suspects.  No further information is available at this time.

The identity of the victim in this case will be released by the Sacramento County Coroner’s Office after identification and notification of next of kin.

Detectives are asking anyone with information relating to this incident, to please contact the Sheriff’s Office at (916) 874-5115 or Sacramento Valley Crime Stoppers at (916) 443-HELP. Tip information may also be left anonymously at www.sacsheriff.com or by calling (916) 874-TIPS (8477).


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Parrotopia Celebrates Its First Anniversary

By Thomas J. Sullivan  |  2021-03-17

Cory and Gina Dewees offer one of Northern California

CITRUS HEIGHTS, CA (MPG) - Cory and Gina Dewees, owners of Parrotopia at 5910 Auburn Boulevard, Suite 9 in Citrus Heights welcomed and sheltered parrots in their home for years before opening their Citrus Heights store last February.

Their store, which celebrated its first anniversary, is a place “where a parrot will always have a second home.”

The couple, young parents of an active two-year-old son, were past volunteers at Parrot Planet, located in the same business plaza which closed in December 2018.

The closure of Parrot Planet left local parrot and exotic bird owners with just The Bird Shop in Roseville as their only other alternative for food, grooming and supplies, she said.

“Northern California is home to a large parrot and exotic bird population,” Dewees said. “We wanted to create a new business which would share our love for these birds as we welcomed our new customers.”

Parrotopia is a family-owned business, with both co-owners committed to the well-being of their feathered friends and responsible parrot ownership. Colorful parrots regularly take in the action from the owner’s shoulders as customers browse the store.

“Our vision was to specialize in the supplies and services both owners and potential parrot owners need, always keeping in mind that we are advocates of the parrot first,” she said.

Parrotopia offers a variety of hand-fed baby parrots and “second-chance” parrots that are seeking new homes. Many of these birds come to the Dewees because their owners can no longer care for their feathered friend, or they outlived their owners.

The owners try to match their “second-chance” birds to a new owner based on the positive aspects of their past environment.

This process consists of whether the bird has a gender preference, has been raised with children or pets, or has been an “only bird.” Finding the right second home might depend if the bird has always had someone home all day, had behavior issues, or was kept in a bird room or outside aviary.

“We want to help new parrot owners with the commitment they are about to make,” she said. “It’s not just the honeymoon phase where they’ll walk in and fall in love with one, and then want to take it home. It takes multiple visits to allow both bird and human to fully bond.”

Parrotopia provides one-on-one educational information on interpreting parrot behavior and body language, valuable tips to choose the right parrot species for the family, and practical advice on day-to-day exotic diet and nutrition. Both online ordering and curbside pickup are available.

Parrots and exotic birds tend to thrive in an enriching, stimulating environment, Dewees explained.

“We also have one of Northern California's largest selection of toys and other bird- related products, most which are custom made by local artisans,” she said. “We also have a large selection of cages, locally made custom play stands, carriers, and nesting boxes.”

Parrotopia also offers its customers both “fresh chop,” a finely-chopped mix of cooked and uncooked food such as vegetables, grains and seeds and their very own signature feed blends, which are available either pre-packaged or in bulk.

While Parrotopia does not groom or work on beaks, it does offer a “birdie spa” to its feathery customers. A wing refresh is $10 for any size bird. The price for a nail trim is $7 for small birds including parakeets, cockatiels and lovebirds; $10 for medium birds including African Greys, Amazons and small Macaws. Pricing for larger birds including Macaws, large Cockatoos, larger Amazons and Hyacinth macaws range between $15 to $20.

Parrotopia offers bird owners boarding services which provide a safe, stimulating and secure environment while their owners are away.

Find Parrotopia on the web at www.parrotopiasac.com or visit the store six days a week at 5910 Auburn Blvd., Suite 9 in Citrus Heights Sunday through Thursday from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. and Saturday and Sunday from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Call 916-891-5309 to schedule a grooming appointment.

 


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